Philemon
PAUL’S LETTER TO PHILEMON
This little letter, the shortest and most personal of Paul’s letters, shows how Christ transforms attitudes and relationships. It was written on behalf of Onesimus, a runaway slave, as he returned to Philemon, his master. Paul encouraged Philemon to go beyond the traditional master-slave relationship by welcoming Onesimus back as a beloved brother in Christ. With these reconciling words, Paul reminds us that all relationships among Christians, regardless of a person’s social standing, are transformed by the love of Christ.Setting
A slave named Onesimus seems to have run away from his Christian master, Philemon. His master resided in Colosse, a small town in the Roman province of Asia (now western Turkey) about 100 miles (160 kilometers) east of Ephesus. When Onesimus ran away, he might have stolen some of his master’s things. Somehow Onesimus came into contact with Paul, who was in prison, and became a believer through Paul’s ministry. When Paul became aware that Onesimus was a runaway slave, he encouraged him to return to his master. Slavery was widespread in the Roman world and, by law, captured runaways had to be returned to their owners. They often faced severe punishment, such as whipping, branding, or execution, as an example to other slaves. However, Philemon was a well-respected Christian leader and a gracious, loving person. Paul wrote this letter to Philemon from prison and sent it with Onesimus to ensure a warm Christian welcome for the runaway on what might have been a rather fearful return to his master. The letter resembles a letter of recommendation and carries the full weight of Paul’s apostolic authority.The Setting of Philemon. Onesimus, a slave, had run away from his master, Philemon, a believer in COLOSSE. Paul, who was in prison, was now sending Onesimus back to Philemon with this personal note. Onesimus traveled with Tychicus, who carried Paul’s letter to the Colossians (see Col 4:7–9).
We do not know what happened when Onesimus returned. Some fifty or sixty years later, however, in a letter written to the Christians at Ephesus by the Christian martyr Ignatius, the name Onesimus appears again, this time as the name of the highly-regarded bishop of the province of Asia. We cannot be sure it was the same person, but it is quite possible that, because of his close association with Paul, the young slave rose to prominence in the church and eventually became bishop of the entire province. It is a reminder that traditional class distinctions are of no significance in the church of Jesus Christ.Summary
Paul encourages Philemon to treat Onesimus no longer simply as a slave but as a genuine brother in Christ. Using his traditional opening (vv 1–3), Paul introduces himself, greets Philemon, his family, and the church that meets in their home, and invokes grace and peace upon them. Paul then thanks God for the good things he has heard about Philemon, especially his trust in the Lord Jesus and the love he has shown to so many of God’s people (vv 4–7). Paul then makes his appeal for Onesimus (vv 8–22). Though formerly a runaway, Onesimus has now become a believer in Christ and has proven himself to be a changed person. Paul asks Philemon to be gracious and forgiving in welcoming his slave back. Paul’s real desire is for Onesimus to stay with him, to assist him in his ministry from prison. Although he has the apostolic authority to demand that Philemon release him for that purpose, he refuses to use that authority, desiring that such an expression of mercy come from Philemon himself and not be forced. But Paul clearly hints that Philemon should consider freeing his slave for the work of the Good News. The letter ends in a customary way (vv 23–25). Paul sends greetings to Philemon from various Christians, then invokes the grace of Christ upon him and all those in his home.Occasion of Writing
Though the traditional interpretation is that Onesimus was a runaway slave, other possibilities have been posed. For example, Onesimus might have been sent as a messenger to Paul or he might have turned to Paul to mediate a problem that had arisen between him and his master. In reality, we do not know why he left his master’s home, but the traditional interpretation fits the letter well."The Christian liberty of which Paul was the outspoken champion certainly had its social consequences, but it existed only “in Christ.” Such liberty was not to be attained by any superficial changes in the structure of Graeco-Roman social and economic life." (G. B. CAIRD— Paul’s Letters from Prison, p. 216)
Date And Place of Writing
It is traditionally believed that Paul wrote the prison letters (Ephesians, Philippians, Colossians, and Philemon) when he was in prison in Rome (AD 60–62 or about AD 64~65). It is also quite possible that these letters were written from Ephesus during an earlier imprisonment. Ephesians Introduction, “Date and Place of Writing,” In the "New Living Translation Study Bible," says Ephesians is one of the prison letters (along with Philippians, Colossians, and Philemon), traditionally understood to have been written from Rome in AD 60–62 or shortly before Paul was executed around AD 64~65. This would place them among the last of Paul’s writings. However, they might better be understood as having been written from prison in Ephesus. (In 2 Corinthians, written shortly after Paul left Ephesus, he refers to the strong opposition he encountered in the area, and mentions having been in prison many times; see 2 Cor 11:23–27.) If the prison letters were written from Ephesus, it would place them earlier in Paul’s life, around AD 53~56.Meaning And Message
This letter is a vivid illustration of the way that attitudes and relationships are transformed in Christ. Those who know Christ are to see people through love's eyes and express that love in their relationships with others."This epistle gives us a masterful and tender illustration of Christian love." MARTIN LUTHER— Preface to the Epistle of Saint Paul to Philemon
Paul’s appeal to Philemon reminds us that, as Christians, we must always be willing to forgive one another. No matter how much others have wronged us, we must be quick to give them a warm-hearted welcome and show them our acceptance and love. In the church of Christ, traditional social distinctions must be transcended, such as the relationship between slave and master. We must show genuine love to all Christians, regardless of their economic or cultural status, education, ethnicity, or gender (cp. Gal 3:28; Col 3:11). Paul’s desire to reconcile Philemon and Onesimus is an example of such love. Many people have wondered why Paul did not explicitly call for Onesimus’s freedom or for the abolition of slavery as an institution. In the Roman world, slavery was widespread; it was an integral part of society, and the whole of society was built on it. Like most early Christians, Paul seems to have accepted society's traditional structures, including slavery. The mission of the early Christians was not to overthrow the structures of society but to see people converted and built up in Christ. Proclaiming the Good News of salvation would result in lives and relationships being transformed by Christ within the fellowship of the church. Though Paul did not call explicitly for Onesimus’s release, he clearly hinted that he would like to see him freed for the work of the Good News. In his consistent emphasis on the importance of Christians living together in forgiveness and mutual love, he was planting the seeds that would one day result in the overthrow of slavery as an institution.Interpretation and Purpose
This epistle is the story of three main characters—Onesimus, Philemon, and Paul—and their interaction. Onesimus, a slave in Colossae, had evidently robbed Philemon, his master (v. 18), and run away. During the course of his flight, Onesimus encountered Paul in Rome, and through his ministry came to faith in Christ. Subsequently, Onesimus became a helper to Paul (vv. 12, 13). But Paul recognized Onesimus’s duty to his master, so sent him back to Philemon, along with Tychicus, who carried Paul’s letter to the Colossian church at the same time (Col. 4:7–9). In the letter, Paul implores Philemon to receive Onesimus, not as a slave, but as “a brother beloved” (v. 16). Paul himself, in a gracious act of Christian love, assumed Onesimus’s debt in full: “Put that on mine account” (v. 18). Though very brief, the epistle is a valuable addition to the New Testament record for three reasons: (1) it reveals more of the apostle’s own character than most of his letters; (2) it gives important insight into the institution of slavery in the ancient Roman world; and (3) it serves as a vivid picture of the truth of Galatians 3:28, that in Christ “there is neither bond nor free.”King James Version Study Bible ., electronic ed. (Nashville: Thomas Nelson, 1997).Outline
vv 1–3: Introduction and Greetings from Paulvv 4–7: Paul’s Thanksgiving and Prayervv 8–22: Paul’s Appeal for Onesimusvv 23–25: Paul’s Final Greetings